We call that hostile legislation. . . When you think about Western Oregon tribes and how they got hammered–not only the allotments but the Termination Act in 1953. . . They lost everything in the Willamette Valley.   – Antone Minthorn, Chair of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation

Few of the native peoples living in the Sandy River and Portland region, the Multnomah and Clackamas bands, survived the 19th century. Members of one Upper Chinook group, the Wasco people, now live among confederated tribes on the Grande Ronde and Warm Springs Reservations in Oregon.

The federal Termination policy of the 1950s hit hard in Oregon, when it cut support for tribal self-governance. Sixty-two tribes and bands native to Oregon were ‘terminated’ out of 109 tribes terminated nationally. A few, including the Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde, were restored after the policy was reversed in 1975.